Oral Sphere
Journal of Dental and Health Sciences
Journal of Dental and Health Sciences
Received: 2025-01-04
Accepted: 2025-03-17
Published: 2025-04-01
Pages: 95-110
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA-enveloped virus. It was the principal causative agent for the global pandemic of COVID-19. Amongst the plethora of systemic and orofacial manifestations from COVID-19 disease and anti-SARS-CoV 2 vaccines, the neurological presentations in the orofacial region have been peculiar. This systematic review aims to document these presentations and understand their association with the viral agent and its vaccines. The research was carried out by electronic searching of database records from December 2019 till December 2023. This review observed neurological manifestations in the oro- facial region due to COVID19 disease and anti-SARS-CoV 2 vaccines. The most commonly observed manifestations were trigeminal neuralgia from the COVID disease and Bell’s palsy from the COVID vaccines. The reported number of cases came out to be 6% for bell’s palsy, 90% for trigeminal neuralgia, 1.50% glossopharyngeal neuralgia and 0.01% cases of headaches secondary to neuralgias. Neurological symptoms are usually associated patients with COVID-19. Trigeminal neuralgia was the most commonly observed neurological symptom in this disease. A deeper insight would enhance oral physicians’ preparedness to improve the screening for accurate diagnosis, appropriate management and concise reporting to the Ministry of Health and Family welfare.
Keywords: COVID-19 disease, orofacial manifestations, neurological manifestations, vaccines, SARS CoV-2
1. Zhu N. et al. The New England journal of medicine 382(8) 727–733. [DOI/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017]
2. Lu R. et al. Lancet(London England) 395(10224) 565–574. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.]
3. Nagy A. et al.Computational and structural biotechnology journal 19 2508–2517.[DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.061.]
4. Abraham G. et al. Curr Cardiol Rep 16 488 (2014). [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-014-0488-1]
5. Al Khames Aga et al. Journal of Medical Virology 93(12) 6588–6594. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27214.]
6. Taşlıdere B et al. Am J Emerg Med.; 41:2625-[DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.018.]
7. Mehta S et al. CJEM. 2020; 22(5): 608-610. [DOI: 10.1017/cem.2020.418]
8. Elkhouly A et al. Cureus. 2020; 12(7):8992. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8992]
9. Homma Y et al.Intern Med. 2020; 59(14): 1773-1775. [DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.5014-20]
10. Juliao Caamaño DS et al. J Clin Neurosci. 2020; 77: 230-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.016]
11. Casas E et al. Rev Neurol. 2020; 71(1): 40-41. [DOI: 10.33588/rn.7101.2020229 ]
12. Figueiredo R et al. BMJ Case Rep. 2020; 13(8):e237146. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237146]
13. Goh Y et al. Neurology. 2020; 95(8): 364-367. [DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009863]
14. Ribeiro BNF et al.Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020; 78(10): 667. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X20200127]
15. Khaja M et al. Am J Case Rep. 2020; 21: 927956. [DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.927956]
16. Lima MA et al. J Neurovirol. 2020; 26(6): 941-944. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00912-6]
17. Judge C et al. J Neurol Res. 2020; 10(6): 235-236. [DOI: 10.14740/jnr606]
18. Derollez C et al. Eur J Neurol. 2020; 27(12): 2670-2672.[DOI: 10.1111/ene.14493]
19. Bastola et al. Clin Case Rep. 2020; 9(2): 747-750. [DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3631]
20. Wan Y et al. Res Sq. 2020.[DOI : 10.21203/rs.3.rs-23216/v1]
21. Dahl EH et al. BMJ Case Rep. 2021; 14(1): 240095. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240095]
22. Bsales Set al. J Pediatr Neurol. 2021; 19(6): 440-442. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722210]
23. Theophanous C et al. Brain Dev. 2021; 43(2): 357-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.08.017]
24. Kumar V et al. BMJ Case Rep. 2021; 14(3): 240267. [DOI: .1136/bcr-2020-240267]
25. Oke IO et al. Cureus. 2021; 13(3): 13881. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13881]
26. García Ochoa-Fernández E et al. Rev Neurol. 2021; 72(5): 177-178. [DOI: 10.33588/rn.7205.2020629.]
27. Decio A et al. Pediatr Neurol. 2021; 116: 59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.12.006]
28. Karimia N Sharifi-Razavi A. Peripheral facial nerve palsy as a presenting symptom of COVID-19 infection: a case report. J Clin Img Med Case Rep. 2021; 2(3): 1116. [Available from: https://jcimcr.org/articles/JCIMCR-v2-1116.html]
29. Egilmez OKet al. SNCompr Clin Med. 2021; 3(8): 1707–1713. [DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-00967-4]
30. Hasibi M et al. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2021; 2021: 5569841. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5569841]
31. Zain S et al. Radiol Case Rep. 2021; 16(6): 1400-1404.[DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.03.063]
32. Ozer F et al. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021: 1455613211028094. [DOI: 10.1177/01455613211028094]
33. Militaru M et al. J Neurol Neurobiol. 2021; 7(1): 1-6. [Available from: https://www.academia.edu/download/89038273/JNNB176.pdf]
34. Afshar ZM et al. Oman Med J. 2021; 36(5): e313. [DOI: 10.5001/omj.2022.30]
35. Ferreira EFet al. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2021; 65(1): 101600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2021.101600]
36. Al-Mashdali AF et al. Clin Case Rep. 2021; 9(9):e04801. [DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4801]
37. Al-Kaisy M et al. Case Rep Acute Med. 2021; 4: 91-94. [DOI: 10.1159/000520124]
38. Abdelrahman A, Bitar A, Babiker I, Elgak F, Elgassim M. Case Report: Bell's palsy: a neurological manifestation of COVID-19 infection. F1000Res. 2024 Jun 28;12:1355 [PMID: 39931161] 39. Namavarian A et al.Laryngoscope. 2022; 133: 1007-13. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.30333]
40. Nguyen B Q et al.Cureus 14(7): e26817. [DOI:10.7759/cureus.26817]
41. Karadaş Ö et al.Neurol Sci. 2020 Aug;41(8):1991-1995. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020- 04547-7].
42. Abrishami M.; et al. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 28(5):739-44 2020. [DOI:10.1080/09273948.2020.1773868]
43. Aceti A et al. Sci. Rep. 10(1):18665 2020.[DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75618-0]
44. Aggarwal et al. PLoS One 15(11):e0241661 2020. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241661]
45. Chen et al. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 104(6):748-51 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316304]
46. W. J.;et al. J. Med. 382(18):1708-202020. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032]
47. Güemes-Villahoz N.;et al. J. Infect. 81(3):452-82 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.070]
48. Honget al. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 153(5):1037-42 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-0957-x]
49. Karimi S.; et al. Eye (Lond.) 34(7):1220-32020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0965-2]
50. Lan et al. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 56(6):433-7 2020. [DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200322-00213]
51. Landecho et al. J. Intern. Med. 289(1):116-20 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/joim.13156]
52. Lee et al. J. Korean Med. Sci. 35(35):e322 2020. [DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e322]
53. Loffredo L.; et al. J. Med. Virol. 92(9):1413-4 2020. [ DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25938]
54. Ma et al.JAMA Ophthalmol. 138(10):1079-86 2020. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3690]
55. Marinho et al. Lancet 395(10237):1610 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31014-X]
56. Meduri A. et al. Sci. Rep. 10(1):20178 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77194-9]
57. Öncül H. et al. J. Med. Virol. 93(2):1126-32 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26412]
58. Perlman A. et al. J. Med. Internet Res. 22(10):e23197 2020. [DOI: 10.2196/23197]
59. Rokohl A.C. et al. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 26(11):1560.e5-1560.e8 2020.[DOI.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.018]
60. Seah et al. Ophthalmology 127(7):977-9 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.03.026]
61. Sen M. et al.Indian J. Ophthalmol. 69(3):488-509 2021. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_297_21
62. Sindhuja K et al. J. Ophthalmol. 68(8):1546-50 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1319_20]
63. Tostmann A et al. March 2020. Euro Surveill. 25(16):2000508 2020. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.2000508]
64. Wu et al. JAMA Ophthalmol. 138(5):575-8 2020. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291
65. Xia J. et al. J. Med. Virol. 92(6):589-94 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25725]
66. Xu L. et al. medRxiv 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.23.20024935]
67. Zhou Y. et al. medRxiv 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.11.20021956]
68. Shemer A et al. Isr Med Assoc J. 2021;23(3):143–144. [DOI:10.1001/jamaoto.2021.1259]
69. Repajic M et al. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021; 13:100217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100217]
70. Colella et al. Journal of Neurology 268 (2021): 3589-3591. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10462-4]
71. Martin-Villares C et al. J Neurol. 1–2. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10617-3]
72. Nishizawa Y et al. QJM.; hcab143. [DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab143]
73. Gómez de Terreros Caro G et al. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.04.004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.04.002]
74. Burrows Aet al. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(7): e243829. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243829]
75. Obermann M et al. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(11):4397–4399. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05496-5]
76. Iftikhar Het al. Cureus. 2021;13(6): e15935. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15935]
77. Eita AAB et al. Case Rep Dent. 2021 Aug 26; 2021:3788727. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/3788727]
